汉英翻译技巧 | 无主句的翻译技巧
汉语的另一个特点是主语省略,这是汉语的主题突出所造成的。中国人写作/说话时,习惯省略主语,而母语读者/听者也能轻而易举地分辨或确定句子的主语。
在和老人聊天的过程中,多和老人聊聊下次什么时候再回家,让父母的心里有一种慰干。
说明:根据语境,本句省略的主语是“子女”(与“父母”相对称)。中国读者不会因主语缺省而误解作者的意思。但在汉英翻译过程中,译者一定要根据语境填补主语。另外,“回家”一词不能直译,因为“子女”已经有了自已的家。若译成 return home,会造成歧义。
In chatting with parents, grown-up children should talk a lot about when to reunite with their parents next time, giving the latter a spiritual comfort.
按照英语语法,句子的主语位置称作“语法空位(emptives)”。英语的规律是,占据语法空位的,通常是代词。而在汉语中,相同的空位上要么空缺,要么原词重复。例如:
He had some statuettes in his study. They stood on a high cupboard behind his desk.
译文一:他书房里摆着几尊小雕塑,(空位)都摆在书桌后面高高的壁橱上面。
译文二:他书房里摆着几尊小雕塑,这些雕塑都摆在书桌后面高高的壁橱上面。
英语的语法空位上是“They”,而汉语的语法空位上则是空缺和“这些雕塑”(原词重复)。
因此,儿女们应该意识到父母可能出现的负面情绪,并有意识地采取干预手段。比如在家的时间里,可以多安排父母出去活动,包括出游、逛街等,分散老人的注意力。
说明:“可以多安排父母出去活动”之前的语法空位上省略了主语,翻译时应该填补适当的代词。
Therefore, adult children should be aware of the negative mood likely to emerge in their parents and consciously take intervention measures. During their stay at home, for instance, they can distract their parents' attention by arranging frequent outdoor activities like excursions and strolling in the streets.
若译者不加分析地按缺省主语的汉语逻辑直译成英语,将严重扭曲原文之意。
两天过去了,依旧还没有王某某的影子,王某某会不会就是擎事者呢?面对办案人员的登门调查,会不会打草惊蛇,畏罪潜逃呢?
说明:谁“面对办案人员的登门调查”,谁“会打草惊蛇”,又是谁会“畏罪潜逃”?如果本句中的缺省主语填补错,很可能会变成“办案人员”畏罪潜逃。
Two days passed and there was still no sign of Wang. Was it likely that he was the very offender? Would the detective's visit at his house wake up the sleeping dog and frighten him into flight?
针对汉语无主句的翻译,译者通常可采用以下两种策略加以解决:(一)使用被动式;(二)根据语境增加适当的主语。
只有保持文化的多样性,才能保证人类精神生活的多样性。
说明:被动式一一将句子的宾语“多样性”置于英语句子的主语位子上,谓语动词使用被动式即可。
译文一: Cultural diversity must be maintained before the diversity of the human spiritual life can be guaranteed.
文二: Only when cultural diversity is maintained, can that of the human spiritual life be ensured.
“制造”快乐就像酿酒,你必须找配方,动脑筋,学会慢慢品。把一些美好的东西重拾,把一些不愉快的事情忘记,加一点对美好未来的憧憬,快乐离自己就近了。
说明:增加主语一一一根据语境,第二句可通过增加主语“你”来翻译。
“Merry-making” is just like wine-making, for you must find a good
另外,我们在翻译“据了解/据报道/据估计/据说/据信/据预测......”等新闻固定表达方式时,可以使用以下特定的英语对等语:
It has been learned / reported that..., it is estimated that..., it is said /believed that...;it is / has been estimated that...
可以想象/ 断言/断定...... It can be imagined / asserted / decided that...
来源:《汉英翻译技巧示例》 (唐义均 编著),仅供学习之用,版权归原作者、原出处所有,若有侵犯了您的合法权益,请联系我们进行更正、删除,谢谢!
(编辑: T-win)